Blurred Boundaries

Abstract

Harmful online content poses a profound challenge to democratic, rule-of-law–based societies because it corrodes the very foundations of pluralism, trust, and social cohesion on which they depend. Terrorist propaganda, extremist narratives, and more implicit forms of hateful or divisive speech do not only target individuals or groups; they seek to destabilise democratic institutions by normalising violence, fuelling polarisation, and eroding confidence in the state’s ability to protect its citizens. Left unchecked, such content amplifies grievances, deepens societal fractures, and undermines the principles of free and open debate that sustain democratic life. Online platforms are central arenas of modern public life. They host political debates, cultural exchanges, and social interactions. Yet these same spaces are exploited by extremist and terrorist actors, who weaponise communication tools to advance ideological agendas. This executive summary synthesises the background, research questions, findings, challenges, and recommendations of that study. It provides a critical reflection on the potential and limitations of content detection frameworks and outlines concrete steps for policymakers, online service providers, and other stakeholders. INHOUD Introduction Research Questions Methodology Legal Frameworks and Scope of Definitions The Use of Online Content for Terrorist and Extremist Purposes Policies and Practice of Detection and Moderation of Exremist and Terrorist Content Online Feasibility of an Assessment Framework Findings, Challenges and Recommendations